Saturday, December 28, 2019

Why Is Korea Split Into North and South Korea

North and South Korea were first unified by the Silla Dynasty in the seventh century CE, and were unified for centuries under the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910); they share the same language and essential culture. Yet for the last six decades and more, they have been divided along a fortified ​demilitarized zone (DMZ). That division took place as the Japanese empire crumbled at the end of World War II, and the Americans and Russians quickly divided up what remained. Key Takeaways: The Division of North and South Korea Despite being unified off and on for nearly 1,500 years, the Korean peninsula was divided into North and South as a result of the breakup of the Japanese empire at the end of World War II.  The precise location of the division, at the 38th parallel latitude, was chosen by lower-level U.S. diplomatic personnel on an ad hoc basis in 1945. At the end of the Korean War, the 38th parallel became a demilitarized zone in Korea, an armed and electrified barrier to traffic between the two countries.  Reunification efforts have been discussed many times since 1945, but they are seemingly blocked by steep ideological and cultural differences developed since that time.   Korea After World War II This story begins with the Japanese conquest of Korea at the end of the 19th century.  The Empire of Japan formally annexed the Korean Peninsula in 1910. It had  run the country through puppet emperors since its 1895 victory in the First Sino-Japanese War. Thus, from 1910 until 1945, Korea was a Japanese colony. As World War II drew to a close in 1945, it became clear to the Allied Powers that they would have to take over the administration of Japans occupied territories, including Korea, until elections could be organized and local governments set up. The U.S. government knew that it would administer the Philippines as well as Japan itself, so it was reluctant to also take trusteeship of Korea. Unfortunately, Korea just wasnt a very high priority for the U.S. The Soviets, on the other hand, were more than willing to step in and take control of lands that the Tsars government had relinquished its claim to after the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05). On Aug. 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. Two days later, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and invaded Manchuria. Soviet amphibious troops also landed at three points along the coast of northern Korea. On Aug. 15, after the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Emperor Hirohito announced Japans surrender, ending World War II. The U.S. Splits Korea Into Two Territories Just five days before Japan surrendered, U.S. officials Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel were given the task of delineating the U.S. occupation zone in East Asia. Without consulting any Koreans, they arbitrarily decided to cut Korea roughly in half along the 38th parallel of latitude, ensuring that the capital city of Seoul—the largest city in the peninsula—would be in the American section. Rusk and Bonesteels choice was enshrined in General Order No. 1, Americas guidelines for administering Japan in the aftermath of the war. Japanese forces in northern Korea surrendered to the Soviets, while those in southern Korea surrendered to the Americans. Although South Korean political parties quickly formed and put forward their own candidates and plans for forming a government in Seoul, the U.S. Military Administration feared the leftist tendencies of many of the nominees. The trust administrators from the U.S. and the USSR were supposed to arrange for nation-]wide elections to reunify Korea in 1948, but neither side trusted the other. The U.S. wanted the entire peninsula to be democratic and capitalist while the Soviets wanted it all to be communist. North and South Korea, Divided at the 38th Parallel. US Central Intelligence Agency Impact of the 38th Parallel   At the end of the war, Koreans were united in joy and hope that they were going to be a single independent country. The establishment of the division—made without their input, let alone their consent—eventually dashed those hopes.   Further, the location of the 38th Parallel was in a bad place, crippling the economy on both sides. Most heavy industrial and electrical resources were concentrated north of the line, and most light industrial and agricultural resources were to the south. Both North and South had to recover, but they would do so under different political structures. At the end of WWII, the U.S. essentially appointed the anti-communist leader Syngman Rhee to rule South Korea. The South declared itself a nation in May 1948. Rhee was formally installed as the first president in August and immediately began waging a low-level war against communists and other leftists south of the 38th parallel. Meanwhile, in North Korea, the Soviets appointed Kim Il-sung, who had served during the war as a major in the Soviet Red Army, as the new leader of their occupation zone. He officially took office on Sept. 9, 1948. Kim began to quash political opposition, particularly from capitalists, and also began to construct his cult of personality. By 1949, statues of Kim Il-sung were springing up all over North Korea, and he had dubbed himself the Great Leader. The Korean and Cold Wars In 1950, Kim Il-sung decided to try to reunify Korea under communist rule. He launched an invasion of South Korea, which turned into the three-year-long Korean War. South Korea fought back against the North, supported by the United Nations and manned with troops from the United States. The conflict lasted from June 1950 to July 1953 and killed more than 3 million Koreans and U.N., and Chinese forces. A truce was signed at Panmunjom on July 27, 1953, and in it the two countries ended up back where they started, divided along the 38th parallel. One upshot of the Korean War was the creation of the Demilitarized Zone at the 38th parallel. Electrified and constantly maintained by armed guards, it became a nearly impossible obstacle between the two countries. Hundreds of thousands of people fled the north prior to the DMZ, but afterward, the flow became a trickle of only four or five per year, and that restricted to elites who could either fly across the DMZ, or defect while out of the country.   During the Cold War, the countries continued to grow in different directions. By 1964, the Korean Workers Party was in full control of the North, farmers were collectivized into cooperatives, and all commercial and industrial enterprises had been nationalized. South Korea remained committed to libertarian ideals and democracy, with a strong anti-communist attitude.   Widening Differences   In 1989, the Communist bloc abruptly collapsed, and the Soviet Union dissolved in 2001. North Korea lost its main economic and governmental support. The Peoples Republic of Korea replaced its communist underpinnings with a Juche socialist state, focused on the personality cult of the Kim family. From 1994 to 1998, a great famine struck North Korea. Despite food aid efforts by South Korea, the U.S., and China, North Korea suffered a death toll of at least 300,000, although estimates vary widely.   In 2002, the Gross Domestic Product per capita for the South was estimated to be 12 times that of the North; in 2009, a study found that North Korean preschoolers are smaller and weigh less than their South Korean counterparts. Energy shortfalls in the North led to the development of nuclear power, opening the door for the development of nuclear weaponry. The language shared by Koreans has also changed, with each side borrowing terminology from English and Russian. A historic agreement by the two countries to maintain a dictionary of the national language was signed in 2004.   Long-Term Effects And so, a rushed decision made by junior U.S. government officials in the heat and confusion of World War IIs final days has resulted in the seemingly permanent creation of two warring neighbors. These neighbors have grown further and further apart, economically, socially, linguistically, and most of all ideologically. More than 60 years and millions of lives later, the accidental division of North and South Korea continues to haunt the world, and the 38th parallel remains arguably the tensest border on Earth. Sources   Ahn, Se Hyun. North Koreas Energy Conundrum: Is Natural Gas the Remedy? Asian Survey 53.6 (2013): 1037–62. Print.Bleiker, Roland. Identity, Difference, and the Dilemmas of Inter-Korean Relations: Insights From Northern Defectors and the German Precedent. Asian Perspective 28.2 (2004): 35–63. Print.Choi, Wan-kyu. North Koreas New Unification Strategy. Asian Perspective 25.2 (2001): 99–122. Print.Jervis, Robert. The Impact of the Korean War on the Cold War. Journal of Conflict Resolution 24.4 (1980): 563–92. Print.Lankov, Andrei. Bitter Taste of Paradise: North Korean Refugees in South Korea. Journal of East Asian Studies 6.1 (2006): 105–37. Print.Lee, Chong-Sik. Korean Partition and Unification. Journal of International Affairs 18.2 (1964): 221–33. Print.McCune, Shannon. The Thirty-Eighth Parallel in Korea. World Politics 1.2 (1949): 223–32. Print.Schwekendiek, Daniel. Height and Weight Differences Between North and South Korea. Journal of Biosocial Science 41.1 (2009): 51–55. Print.Soon-young, Hong. Thawing Koreas Cold War: The Path to Peace on the Korean Peninsula. Foreign Affairs 78.3 (1999): 8–12. Print.

Friday, December 20, 2019

Medical Marijuana in Pediatric Patients - 1087 Words

Many physicians across North America hesitate to prescribe medical marijuana to their adult patients out of fear, why would they even start considering prescribing it to children . This fear mainly originates from the fact that as medical students in medical school, doctors learn absolutely nothing about prescribing it, therefor, cannot knowledgeably advise patients on dosage and side effects of this medication. This is quite sad considering how much benefits can come from medical marijuana, especially in paediatric care, as it useful, safe and in some cases lifesaving. The stereotype associated with weed forces doctors to second guess the benefits that may come from it. The fact that it is considered a Schedule 1 drug in United States†¦show more content†¦At this point in her life she was using a wheelchair, had heart attacks and had trouble speaking. After trying different medications to control Charlottes seizures, with no results, her mother Page, turned to alternative medicine. She consumes oil, extracted from a medical marijuana strand known as Charlottes Web. Now, two year later she walks, talks, and feeds her self. This particular strain is high in cannabinoids or CBDs, (CBS News). Another paediatric patient, Joey Perez, was diagnosed with autism at only 18 month of age. By the time he was only five years old Joey was taking six different medications, as much as three times a day. By the age of ten he was basically on his death bed, the symptoms of autism, anxiety, OCD, and aggression only worsened. The side effects of the pharmaceutical drugs caused loss of appetite causing malnourishment and he was diagnosed with anorexia, his family watched him withered away. His mother looked for an alternative method, which she refers to as magic brownies. Twelve months later Joey has never been happier and had gained back the weight. In this case , just like the last, the medical marijuana used to medicate the condition was high in CBDs. 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Thursday, December 12, 2019

Sexual Harrassement Essay Example For Students

Sexual Harrassement Essay The term sexual harassment can be interpreted in many different ways. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 defines sexual harassment as, any unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. Unwelcome conduct becomes sexual harassment and actionable by law when any one of the following three criterias is met: 1.The submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or a condition of an individuals employment. 2.Submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individuals. 3.Such conduct has the purpose or effect of substantially interfering with an individuals work performance as creating an intimidating, hostile, and an offensive working environment. Although some might think of this crime as just harmless flirting, a joke, or having a little fun, to many it is a degrading and embarrassing experience. In an effort to stop thi s crime, many laws have been passed in order to help fight sexual harassment. One of the myths about sexual harassment is that the woman is always the victim. While most reported cases of sexual harassment are by women, there has been an increase in the cases reported by males. As more women are being placed in supervisory positions, societys understanding of sexual harassment is being redefined and the increase in the acceptability of homosexuality, these numbers may continue to rise. The shame of the male victim is beginning to fade and more men are reporting these crimes. The movie Disclosure, starring Demi Moore and Michael Douglas, gave insight to the sexual harassment of males and the difficulties that the victim has, be it male or female. A man, as well as a woman may be the victim of sexual harassment, and a woman as well as a man may be the harasser. Males and females are both protected from homosexual advances as well as harassment by the opposite sex. Sexual harassment can be broken down into two categories. The first type is called quid pro quo harassment. This form can basically be understood as one thing in return for another, You scratch my back, and Ill scratch yours. Often times in the school environment quid pro quo harassment occurs when a school employee causes a student to believe that he or she must submit to unwelcome sexual conduct in order to get a good grade, or have sexual conduct with them in order to participate in programs or classes. In the work place, this form of harassment can occur when a person in authority, usually a supervisor, demands sexual favors of a subordinate as a condition of receiving or keeping a job benefit. The second form of sexual harassment is called hostile environment. This occurs when one might feel inferior, intimidated, or offended because of sexual misconduct from another person. These feelings cause the victim(s) atmosphere to feel hostile. There must be three elements to constitute hostile environment sexual harassment. The actions must be sexual in nature, unwelcome or unwanted, and repeated. In the classroom, this harassment takes charge when unwelcome sexually harassing conduct is so severe, persistent, or pervasive that it affects a students ability to participate in or benefit from an education program or activity. This might occur when not only one person but also groups of people make an individual feel offended in their own surroundings. In the work place, a hostile work environment arises when a co-worker or supervisor, engaging in unwelcome and inappropriate sexually based behavior. Before 1964, sexual harassment was not an uncommon situation in the workplace. Not many people knew what kind of emotional damage it could do to one. In the year of 1964, the Civil Rights Act, Title VII, prohibited sexual and racial discrimination at work. This was the first step in order in the push to stop sexual harassment. The Civil Rights Act, of 1972 prohibited sexual and racial discrimination against students and staff in educational programs or activities that receive federal funds. It states that students can sue to collect monetary damages from the school and that the school can lose federal funds. This law is essential in ensuring nondiscriminatory, safe environments